Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ziziphus spina-christi: Analysis of Bioactivities and Chemical Composition

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Wild Fruits: Composition, Nutritional Value and Products

Abstract

Zizyphus spina-christi (L.) Willd belongs to family (Rhamnaceae) is an armed shrub or evergreen tree called Christ’s thorn having a common Arabic names such as Sidr and Nabeq. The plant is a well-known native tree to a vast area of Africa with a wide distribution in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Generally, Ziziphus plants have been widely used in the traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Among the different Ziziphus plants Ziziphus spina-christi has been reported to possess multi-biologically active ingredients including alkaloids, sterols like β sitosterol, flavonoids, triterpenoids, sapogenins and saponins. These biologically active ingredients can potentially serve as antibacterial, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory agents. Therefore, regarding its active components as well as easiness of its cultivation, Ziziphus spina-christi plant is considered as a valuable tree for the development of many drugs in the future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

IZ:

Inhibition zone

MBC:

Minimum Bactericidal Concentration

MIC:

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

ZSC:

Ziziphus spina-christi

References

  • Abalaka ME, Daniyan SY, Mann A (2010) Evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of two Ziziphus species (Ziziphus mauritiana L. and Ziziphus spina-christi L.) on some microbial pathogens. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol 4:135–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Abdallah EM (2017) Antibacterial activity of fruit methanol extract of Ziziphus spina-christi from Sudan. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 6(5):38–44. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.605.005

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Galil FM, El-Jissry MA (1991) Cyclopeptide alkaloids from Zizyphus spina-christi. Phytochemistry 30(4):1348–1349

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abdelmuti OMS (1991) Biochemical and nutritional evaluation of famine foods of the Sudan. Doctoral Dissertation in Biochemistry and Nutrition, University of Khartoum, Sudan

    Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Zaher AO, Salim SY, Assaf MH, Abdel-Hady RH (2005) Antidiabetic activity and toxicity of Zizyphus spina-christi leaves. J Ethnopharmacol 101:129–138

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abu-Raghif AR, Jasim GA, Hanoon MM (2017) Anti-proliferative activity of Zizyphus spina christi leaves methanol extract against rhabdomyosarcoma (rd) cell line. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 9(2):279–282

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abu-Taleb AM, El-Deeb K, Al-Otibi FO (2011) Assessment of antifungal activity of Rumex vesicarius L. and Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd. extracts against two phytopathogenic fungi. Afr J Microbiol Res 5(9):1001–1011

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adekunle AE, Adenike JO (2012) Comparative analysis of proximate, minerals and functional properties of Tamarindus indica pulp and Ziziphus spina christi fruit and seed. Greener J Agric Sci 2(1):21–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Ads EN, Rajendrasozhan S, Hassan SI, Sharawy SMS, Humaidi JR (2017) Phytochemical, antimicrobial and cytotoxic evaluation of Ziziphus spina christi (L.) stem bark. Biomed Res 28(15):6646–6653

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adzu B, Amos S, Dzarma S, Wambebe C, Gamaniel K (2002) Effect of Zizyphus spina-christi wild aqueous extract on the central nervous system in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 79:13–16

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahamed EMM (2016) Characterization and biological activity study of Ziziphus spina-christi seed oil. PhD thesis, Sudan University of Science and Technology

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad N, Zuo Y, Lu X, Anwar F, Hameed S (2016) Characterization of free and conjugated phenolic compounds in fruits of selected wild plants. Food Chem 190:80–89

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed FAM, Sati NME (2018) Chemotaxonomic study and botanical overview of some Ziziphus spp. in Sudan. Int Res J Biol Sci 7(5):32–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed AI, Babeker AM, Elamin AMA, Ibrahim EA (2015) Physicochemical evaluation of seeds and oil of nontraditional oil seeds. Turk J Agric Food Sci Technol 3(8):687–691

    Google Scholar 

  • Alhakmani F, Khan SA, Ahmad A (2014) Determination of total phenol, in-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of seeds and fruits of Zizyphus spina-christi grown in Oman. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 4(2):S656–S660

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali NAA, Julich WD, Kusnick C, Lindequist U (2001) Screening of Yemeni medicinal plants for antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. J Ethnopharmacol 74(2):173–179

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ali AB, Almagboul AZ, Mohammed OM (2015) Antimicrobial activity of fruits, leaves, seeds and stems extracts of Ziziphus spina-christi. Arab J Med Aromat Plants 1(2):94–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Jassabi S, Abdullah MS (2013) Extraction, purification and characterization of antioxidant fractions from Zizyphus spina-christi fruits. Am Eurasian J Toxicol Sci 5(3):66–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Wakeel HA (2008) Effect of topical cidir leaves extract in reducing skin sensitivity in atopic patients. Kufa Med J 11(2):7–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Amellal M, Bronner C, Briancon F, Haag M, Anton R, Landry Y (1985) Inhibition of mast cell histamine release by flavonoids and biflavonoids. Planta Med 51:16–20

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JW (1980) High-fibre diets for diabetic and hypertriglyceridemic patients. Can Med Assoc J 123:975–979

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Anthony C, Dweck (2005) A review of Zizyphus spina-Christi. FLS FRSC FRSH – Technical Editor, PERSONAL CAR3, http://www.dweckdata.co.uk/Published_papers/Zizyphus_spina-Christi_paper.pdf

  • Asgarpanah J, Haghighat E (2012) Phytochemistry and pharmacologic properties of Ziziphus spinachristi (L.) Willd. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol 6(31):2332–2339. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP12.509

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Avizeh R, Najafzaden H, Pourmahdi M, Mirazee M (2010) Effect of glibenclamide and fruit extract of Ziziphus spinacristi on alloxan induced diabetic dogs. Int J Appl Res Med 8(2):109–113

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aynehchi Y, Mahoodian M (1973) Chemical examination of Zizyphus spina-christi (L.) Willd. Acta Pharm Suec 10(6):515–519

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Azangueu Mafo J, Kamga Gueobu D, Regonne R, Kamga R, Ndjouenkeu R (2013) Physico-chemical characterization of the oil of ziziphus kernels from the savannah area of Cameroon. In: 20th SAAFoST biennial conference Pretoria, 7–9 October

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandyopodhyay M, Chakraborty R, Raychaudlhuri U (2007) A process for preparing a natural antioxidant enriched diary product. LWT-Food Sci Technol 40:842–851

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry-Koch A, Moench R, Hakewill P, Dualeh M (1990) Alleviation of nutritional deficiency diseases in refugees. Food Nutr Bull 12:106–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Biyanzi P, Ndjouenkeu R, Mbofung CMF (2012) Composition and antioxidant activity of four varieties of Ziziphus fruits (jujube) from savannah regions of Cameroon. Communication presented at the 2012 EFFoST annual meeting, Montpellier, France, 20–23 November 2012

    Google Scholar 

  • Bors W, Saran M (1987) Radical scavenging by flavonoid antioxidants. Free Radic Res Commun 2:289–294

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brantner, A.H. and Males, Z. (1999) Quality assessment of Paliurus spina-christi extracts. J Ethnopharmacol 66(2):175–179

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cowan MM (1999) Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 12:564–582

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Duke JA (1985) Handbook of medicinal herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, p 677

    Google Scholar 

  • Dweck AC (2005) A review of Zizyphus spina-christi. FLS FRSC FRSH-Technical Editor, Personal Care. http://www.dweckdata.co.uk/Published_papers/Zizyphus_spina-christi_paper.pdf

  • EL-Hefny M, Mohamed AA, Salem MZM, Abd El-Kareem MSM, Ali HM (2018) Chemical composition, antioxidant capacity and antibacterial activity against some potato bacterial pathogens of fruit extracts from Phytolacca dioica and Ziziphus spina-christi grown in Egypt. Sci Hortic 233:225–232

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farmani F, Moein M, Amanzadeh A, Kandelous HM, Ehsanpour Z, Salimi M (2016) Antiproliferative evaluation and apoptosis induction in MCF-7 cells by Ziziphus spina christi leaf extracts. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 17(1):315–321

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gadir SA (2012) Assessment of bioactivity of some Sudanese medicinal plants using brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality assay. J Chem Pharm Res 4:5145–5148

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghafoor AO, Qadir HK, Fakhri NA (2012) Analysis of phenolic compounds in extracts of Ziziphus spina-christi using RPHPLC method. J Chem Pharm Res 4(6):3158–3163

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gholamreza A, Mohamad J, Ehsan S (2012) Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of essential oil from the seeds of Artemisia aucheri Boiss. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 7(1):11–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Glombitza K, Mahran G, Mirhom Y, Michel K, Motawi T (1994) Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effects of Zizyphus spina christi in rats. Planta Med 60:244–247

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Godini A, Kazem M, Naseri G, Badavi M (2009) The effect of Zizyphus spina-christi leaf extract on the isolated rat aorta. J Pak Med Assoc 59:537–539

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goyal M, Nagori BP, Sasmal D (2012) Review on ethnomedicinal uses, pharmacological activity and phytochemical constituents of Ziziphus mauritiana (Z. jujuba Lam., non Mill). Spatula DD 2:107–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo S, Duan JA, Tang Y, Qian Y, Zhao J, Qian D, Su S, Shang E (2011) Simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of triterpenic acids, saponins and flavonoids in the leaves of two Ziziphus species by HPLC-PDA-MS/ELSD. J Pharm Biomed Anal 56:264–270

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hafiz TA, Mubaraki MA (2016) The potential role of Ziziphus spina-christi leaf extracts against Plasmodium berghei-induced liver and spleen injury. Biomed Res 27(4):1027–1032

    Google Scholar 

  • Harami M, Adamu EO, Ekanem Suleiman B (2010) Identiffcation of essential oil components from Nigella sativa seed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Pak J Nutr 9(10):966–967

    Google Scholar 

  • Hussein HM, Sayed EM, Said AA (2006) Antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects of Ziziphus spinacristi and Ziziphus jojoba in alloxan diabetic rats. Int J Pharmacol 2(5):563–570

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim JA, Egharevba HO, Nnamdi RA, Kunle OF (2015) Comparative pharmacognostic and phytochemical analysis of Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf. and Ziziphus abyssinica Hochst. Ex A. Rich. Int J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res 7(6):1160–1166

    Google Scholar 

  • Ikram M, Tomlinson H (1976) Chemical constituents of Zizyphus spina christi. Planta Med 29(3):289–290

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Islam M, Siddiqui AA, Rajesh R (2008) Synthesis, antitubercular, antifungal and antibacterial activities of 6-substituted phenyl-2-(3′-substituted phenyl pyridazin-6′-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridazin-3-one. Acta Pol Pharm 65(3):353–362

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ismail AE (1998) Effect of soil amendments with some hardwood barks on reproduction of rotylenchulus reniformis and growth of sunflower. Pak J Nematol 6(2):137–144

    Google Scholar 

  • IUPAC (1992) Standard methods for the analysis of oils, fats and derivatives. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Izuagie T, Hassan LG, Achor AUM, Sahabi DM, Sadiq IS (2012) Compaction properties of starch extracted from seeds of christ thorn (Ziziphus spina-christi). Int J Food Nutr Sci 1(2):10–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Jafarian A, Zolfaghari B, Shirani K (2014) Cytotoxicity of different extracts of arial parts of Ziziphus spina-christi on Hela and MDA-MB-468 tumor cells. Adv Biomed Res 3:38

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jahangirian H, Haron MDJ, Ismail MHS, Raffee-Moghaddam R, Afsah-Hejri L, Abdollahi Y, Rezayi M, Vafai N (2013) Well diffusion method for evaluation of antibacterial activity of copper phenyl fatty hydroxamate synthesized from canola and palm kernel oils. Dig J Nanomater Biostruct 8(3):1263–1270

    Google Scholar 

  • Karar MGE, Quiet L, Rezk A, Jaiswal R, Rehders M, Ullrich MS, Brix K, Kuhnert N (2016) Phenolic profile and in vitro assessment of cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of Ziziphus spina-christi leaf extracts. Med Chem 6(3):143–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Karimi E, Oskoueian E, Hendra R, Oskoueian A, Jaafar HZ (2012) Phenolic compounds characterization and biological activities of citrus aurantium bloom. Molecules 17:1203–1218

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur C, Kapoor HC (2001) Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables – the millennium’s health. Int J Food Sci Technol 36:703–725

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khaleel SMJ, Jaran AS, Haddadin MSY (2016) Evaluation of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of three leaf extracts of Ziziphus spina-christi (Sedr) grown in Jordan. Br J Med Med Res 14(6):1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Kris-Etherton PM, Hecker KD, Bonanome A, Coval SM, Binkoski AE, Griel AE, Etherton TD (2002) Bioactive compounds in foods: their role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Am J Med 113(9B):71S–88S

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Wang C, Wang Z, Zhang C, Lu S, Liu J (2011) The antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activities of extract and fractions from corn silk (Zea mays L.) and related flavone glycosides. Food Chem 126:261–269

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahran GEDH, Glombitza KW, Mirhom YW, Hartmann R, Michel CG (1996) Novel saponins from Zizyphus spina-christi growing in Egypt. Planta Med 62(2):163–165

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGaw LJ, Elgorashi EE, Eloff JN (2014) Cytotoxicity of African medicinal plants against normal animal and human cells. Toxicol Surv Afr Med Plants:181–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800018-2.00008-X

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishra T, Bhatia A (2014) Antiplasmodial effects of the aqueous ethanolic seed extract of Ziziphus mauritiana against Plasmodium berghei in Swiss albino mice. Int J Pharmacol Res 4(3):111–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohammed GT, Abdulrahman FI, Khan IZ, Hussaini MI, Muazu J, Si Y, Wazis CH (2013) Antimicrobial efficacies of ethanolic extract and active column fractions of the stembark of Zizyphus spina-christi L. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 5:455–460

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohieldin EAM, Muddathir AM, Yamauchi K, Mitsunaga T (2017) Anti-caries activity of selected Sudanese medicinal plants with emphasis on Terminalia laxiflora. Rev Bras 27:611–618

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moroney MA, Alcaraz MJ, Forder RA, Carey F, Hoult JR (1988) Selectivity of neutrophil 5-lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase inhibition by an anti-inflammatory flavonoid glycoside and related aglycone flavonoids. J Pharm Pharmacol 40:787–792

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Motamedi M, Seyyednejad SM, Hasannejad Z, Dehghani F (2014) A comparative study on the effects of Ziziphus spina-christi alcoholic extracts on growth and structural integrity of bacterial pathogens. Iran J Pharm Sci 10(2):1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Nazif NM (2002) Phytoconstituents of Zizyphus spina-christi L. fruits and their antimicrobial activity. Food Chem 76:77–81

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nesseem DI, Michel CG, Saleem AA, El-Alfy TS (2008) Formulation and evaluation of antihyperglysimic leaf extracts of Ziziphus spinacristi (L.) wild. Pharmazie 64:104–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Orwa C, Mutua A, Kindt R, Jamnadass R, Anthony S (2009) Agroforestree database: a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/treedbs/treedatabases.asp

  • Othman AI, Amer MA, Abdel-Mogib M, Samaha RF (2009) Effects of the methanolic extracts of Zizyphus spina christi, Olea europaea and Morus alba leaves in Streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats. Egypt J Hosp Med 37:759–771

    Google Scholar 

  • Panduraju T, Raja Sridhar Rao P, Sateesh Kumar V (2009) A study on antimicrobial activity of Rumex vesicarius Linn. Int J Pharm Technol 1:21–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Paroda RS, Mal B (1989) New plant sources for food and industry in India. In: Wickens GE, Haq N, Day P (eds) New crops for food and industry. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 135–149

    Google Scholar 

  • Pawlowska AM, Camangi F, Bader A, Braca A (2008) Flavonoids of Zizyphus jujuba L. and Zizyphus spina-christi (L.) Willd (Rhamnaceae) fruits. Food Chem 112:858–862

    Google Scholar 

  • Pirbalouti AG, Bahmani M, Avijgan M (2009) Anti-candida activity of some of the Iranian medicinal plants. Electron J Biol 5(4):85–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Said A, Huefner A, Tabl E, Fawzy G (2006) Two new cyclic amino acids from the seeds and antiviral activity of methanolic extract of the roots of Zizyphus spina-christi. Paper presented at the 54th annual congress on medicinal plant research. Planta Medica 72

    Google Scholar 

  • Saied AS, Gebauer J, Hammer K, Buerkert A (2008) Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd.: a multipurpose fruit tree. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 55(7):929–937

    Google Scholar 

  • Said A, Fawzy G, Abu tabl ESA, Tzakou O (2010) Volatile constituents of Zizyphus jujuba aerial parts and Zizyphus spina-christii fruits from Egypt. J Essent Oil Bear Plants 13(2):170–174

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salem MZM, Abdel-Megeed A, Ali HM (2014) Stem wood and bark extracts of Delonix regia (Boj Ex. Hook): chemical analysis, antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties. BioResource 9(2):2382–2395

    Google Scholar 

  • Sameera NS, Mandakini BP (2015) Investigations into the antibacterial activity of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. and Ziziphus xylopyra (Retz.) Willd. Int Food Res J 22(2):849–853

    Google Scholar 

  • Shahat AA, Pieters L, Apers S, Nazeif NM, Abdel-Azim NS, Berghe DV, Vlietinck AJ (2001) Chemical and biological investigations on Zizyphus spina-christi L. Phytother Res 15:593–597

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shahidi F (2009) Nutraceuticals and functional foods: whole versus processed foods. Trends Food Sci Technol 20(9):376–387

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh V, Guizani N, Essa MM, Rahman MS, Selvaraju S (2012) In vitro antioxidant activities of Ziziphus spina-christi fruits (red date) grown in Oman. Biotechnology 11:209–216

    Google Scholar 

  • Suleiman MHA (2015) An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by communities of northern Kordofan region, Sudan. J Ethnopharmacol 176:232–242

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Temerk HA, Salem WM, Sayed WF, Hassan FS (2017) Antibacterial effect of phytochemial extracts from Ziziphus-spina christi against some pathogenic bacteria. Egypt J Bot 57(3):595–604

    Google Scholar 

  • Thirumalai T, Therasa SV, Elumalai EK, David E (2011) Hypolipidaemic and antioxidant effect of Enicostemmalittorale Blume. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 1:381–385

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tom GM, Yesufu HB, Abdulrahman FI (2009) Antimicrobial screening and effect of the pulp extracts of Zizyphus spina-christi (Linnaeus Desf) on some biochemical parameters in rats. J Pharm Bioresour 6(2):58–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Tripathi M, Pandey MB, Jha RN, Pandey VB, Tripathi PN, Singh JP (2001) Cyclopeptide alkaloids from Zizyphus jujuba. Fitoterapia 72:507–510

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tukan SK, Takruri HR, Al-Eisaw DM (1998) The use of wild edible plants in the Jordanian diet. Int J Food Sci Nutr 49:225–235

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Wauwe J, Goossens J (1983) Effects of antioxidants on cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase activities in intact human platelets: comparison with indomethacin and ETYA. Prostaglandins 26:725–730

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vinson A, Xuehui S, Ligia Z, Bose P (2001) Phenol antioxidant quantity and quality in foods: fruits. J Agric Food Chem 49:5315–5321

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yanping H, Suhua H, Jincheng WU, Shunquan L (2010) Identification of essential oils from the leaves of 11 species of Eriobotrya. Pak J Bot 42(6):4379–4386

    Google Scholar 

  • Yossef HEE, Khedr AA, Mahran MZ (2011) Hepatoprotective activity and antioxidant effects of El Nabka (Zizyphus spina-christi) fruits on rats hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride. Nat Sci 9(2):1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Younes ME, Amer MS, El-Messallami ADE (1996) Phytochemical examination of the leaves of the Egyptian Zizyphus spina christi “Nabc”. Bull Natl Res Cent (Cairo) 21(1):35–40

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Youssif HE, Khedr AA, Mahran MZ (2011) Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Zizyphus spina-christi fruits on carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Nat Sci 9(2):1–7. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net

    Google Scholar 

  • Zakaria MNM, Islam MW, Radhakrishnan R, Ismail A, Habibullah M, Chan K (1999) Antidiabetic properties of Zizyphus spina-christi in STZ-diabetic mice. In: 2000 years of natural products research – past present and future, July 26–30, 1999, Amsterdam. Phytoconsult, Leiden

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Arts-Alkamil, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Ahmed S. Hussein

Authors
  1. Ahmed S. Hussein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Ghibaish College of Science & Technology, Indigenous Knowledge and Heritage Center, Ghibaish, Sudan

    Abdalbasit Adam Mariod

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Hussein, A.S. (2019). Ziziphus spina-christi: Analysis of Bioactivities and Chemical Composition. In: Mariod, A. (eds) Wild Fruits: Composition, Nutritional Value and Products. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31885-7_15

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation