Available online at www.jpsscientificpublications.com Volume – 2; Issue - 5; Year – 2016; Page: 796 – 804 DOI: 10.21276.iajmr.2016.2.5.11 Indo – Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IAJMR) ISSN: 2454-1370 THE BIOLOGY OF PUMPKIN BEETLES, Aulacophora foveicollis (Lucas) AND Aulacophora nigripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) FROM TAMIL NADU, INDIA S. Sethuraman1, T. Vivekananthan2 and T. Ramesh Kumar1, 1 Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. 2 Department of Zoology, Thiru Kolanchiyappar Arts and Science College, Tamil Nadu, India. Abstract The present study was conducted to study the biology of pumpkin beetles, Aulacophora foveicollis (Lucas) and Aulacophora nigripennis (Motschulsky) under laboratory condition. A. foveicollis female were laid an egg with a range of 67 to 98 eggs with an average of 82.50±5.20 and A. nigripennis 40 - 70 eggs laid per female. The oviposition period varied from 9 - 13 and 8 -12 days with an average of 10.67±1.2 and 10.00±0.76 days. In A. foveicollis the average length of egg, 1st, 2nd, 3rd and final instar larva and pupa length were 0.75±0.08 mm, 2.00±0.012 mm, 4.67±0.44 mm, 7.77±0.18 mm, 11.67±0.88 mm and 5.37±0.29 mm and the breadth were measured 0.60±0.03 mm, 0.41±0.06 mm, 0.65±0.08 mm, 0.83±0.09 mm and 2.07±0.18 mm 3.13±0.18 mm respectively. In A. nigripennis, the average length of egg, 1st, 2nd, 3rd and final instar larva and pupa were 0.67±0.06mm, 1.80±0.16mm, 3.75±0.88mm, 6.70±0.08mm, 9.20±0.20 mm and 4.50±0.38 mm and the breadth were measured 0.55±0.05 mm, 0.35±0.03 mm, 0.57±0.05 mm, 0.83±0.07 mm, 1.80±0.15 mm and 2.75±0.24 mm. The average of longevity of adult male and female A. foveicollis was 42.51±3.24 mm and 48.01±3.66 mm. In A. nigripennis 40.67±0.66 and 47.33±1.77 days respectively. The adult male and female A. foveicollis length and breadth was measured about 6.42±0.46 mm, 2.78±0.17 mm and 8.00±0.66 mm, 3.06±0.24 mm. In A. nigripennis adult male and female, length and breadth was measured about 6.00±0.68 mm, 2.50±0.23 mm and 7.70±0.66 mm, 2.85±0.23 mm. The present study clearly demonstrated that the length, breadth in different instars and adult A. foveicollis are somewhat bigger in size compare to A. nigripennis. The egg laying, oviposition period, incubation, hatching percentage and longevity of adult male and female was varied in both species. Key words: Aulacophora foveicollis, Aulacophora nigripennis, Egg laying, Oviposition period, Incubation, Hatching percentage and Longevity. 1. Introduction  Among the major pests of cucurbit vegetables and pumpkin beetles are the most important pest. The red pumpkin beetle is widely distributed throughout India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Ceylon, Burma, IndoChina, Iraq, Iran, Greece, Turkey, Israel, South *Corresponding author: S. Sethuraman Received: 03.08.2016; Revised: 09.09.2016; Accepted: 05.10.2016. Europe, Algeria, Egypt, Cyprus and Andaman Island. A. foveicollis is active, brilliant orange red coloured and A. nigripennis black with orange coloured, but grubs are small yellowish white with a brownish head and when full-grown measures about 12 mm in length (Singh, 1970). In India the pumpkin beetles, A. foveicollis and A. nigripennis are the serious pest of cucurbitaceous vegetables particularly cucumber, © 2015 Published by JPS Scientific Publications Ltd. All rights reserved Sethuraman /Indo – Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IAJMR), 2(5): 796 – 804 white gourd, sweet gourd, bottle gourd, muskmelon and watermelon. Adult feed on the leaves, flowers and in some causes on fruits while the groups attack the roots, underground stem and leaves closely in touch with soil, thereby lowering the yield substantially. At the advent of spring the beetles defoliate the cucurbit seedlings to such an extent that, sometimes the crop has to be resown for 3 to 4 times (Alam, 1969). Life cycle of red pumpkin beetles from egg to adult emergence varies from 27 to 56 days and there are 6 - 8 overlapping generations a year (Roy and Pandae, 1991). Maximum population of the insect is observed during April and May and then it shows a downward trend, the population again exhibits and upward trends in July and August. However, in the present study on the biology of pumpkin beetles A. foveicollis and A. nigripennis are scarce in India. Here, an attempt has been made to fill up this lacuna. 2. Materials and Methods The experiments were conducted on the biology of pumpkin beetles, A. foveicollis and A. nigripennis in the laboratory of the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India. The prevailing room temperature was 30±2 0 C with relative humidity 80±5 %. Collection site Insects were collected from the vicinity of Annamalai University, by hand picking during the early morning before 11.00 A.M. from the cucurbitaceous plants during their feeding time. These insects are moderate flier and easy to pickup. Plant materials Bottle gourd (Lagenaria vulgaris), Sweet gourd (Cucurbita moschata, Duck) and cucumber leaves were used as food for pumpkin beetles A. foveicollis and A. nigripennis. All the fresh leaves were collected daily from the vicinity of Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India. 797 Rearing technique Plastic rearing tray of 12” × 8” × 6” have been used for this study. The tray was smeared with soil taken from the field and made a bed of 2” thick soils were moistened at every 24 hrs interval in the laboratory. Adult beetles were sexed and confined in pairs in the plastic tray for matting and oviposition. Freshly and healthy leaves of plants materials were supplied every day for each pair of insect. After oviposition, adult beetles were transferred in different plastic trays and the eggs were kept undisturbed for hatching. Immediately after hatching, the larvae were transferred in different plastic trays. Ten larvae per tray were reared up to adult emergence. The length and breadth of larvae at each instar and pupae were measured. Statistical analysis Data obtained from the experiments were analyzed using Mean ± SE was used in this study. 3. Result and Discussion Egg The egg was oval in shape. The length of the A. foveicollis eggs varied from 0.60 mm to 0.85 mm with an average of 0.75±0.08 mm and the breadth was measured about 0.60±0.03 mm with a maximum of 0.65 mm and minimum of 0.55 mm. A. nigripennis eggs varied from 0.60 mm to 0.75 mm with an average of and 0.67±0.06 mm. The breadth at the widest region averages at 0.55 ± 0.05 with a maximum of 0.60 mm and minimum of 0.50 mm (Table - 2 and 3). Under ordinary conditions the eggs appeared irregular in shape which may be due to the membranous chorion. Freshly laid egg was yellow colour with slight greenish tint. In dry environment before hatching no appreciable colour change has been marked. A black spot like micropyle was visible at pole of the egg. Eggs were laid singly or in batches on leaves that were closely associated with the moist soil and leaves (Fig. 1 and 7). Both A. foveicollis © 2015 Published by JPS Scientific Publications Ltd. All rights reserved Sethuraman /Indo – Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IAJMR), 2(5): 796 – 804 and A. nigripennis females laid eggs from 67 -98 and 40 - 70 (Table - 1). The average number of eggs laid per female of A. foveicollis was 82.50 ± 5.20. Oviposition period varied from 9 to 13 days with an average of 10.67 ± 1.2 days (Table - 1). Almost same type of results was observed in a laboratory study by Azizul Bari (2007) and Das and Ishaque (1998). They reported that the oviposition period of pumpkin beetle varied from 10 to 15 days. Eggs were laid singly in batches of 34 to 75. Number of eggs laid per female ranged from 90 to 200 eggs. Alam (1969) and Azizul Bari (2007) also stated that the long axis of the egg varied from 0.69 to 0.89 mm with an average of 0.76 mm. The breadth was from 0.47 to 0.75 mm. These findings were also almost similar to the present study. In A. nigripennis the average number of eggs laid per female was 55.01 ± 4.19 and the oviposition period was 10.00 ± 0.76. In the present study, A. nigripennis biology first time we recorded. Hatching of eggs Moisture and shade were considered to be essential for hatching of eggs. The young grub ruptured the viteline membrane making vertical slit at the micropylar region. The young grub then gradually came out of the egg just at hatching the body colour of the grub was whitish yellow. Afterwards, the colour gradually became creamy. The per cent of A. foveicollis eggs hatched ranged among 42.86 to 88.23 with an average of 73.37±1.76 days. The average incubation period of was 11.53±0.1 days with maximum 13 days and minimum 11 days (Table - 1). These were in accordance with that found by Azizul Bari (2007); Das and Ishaque (1998) and Alam (1969). In a laboratory study, Roy and Pandae (1991) found that the most favorable temperature for development and survival of the pumpkin beetle was 27.5 0C days. The egg, larval and pupal stages lasted 8.3 - 15.8, 12.6 - 18.1 and 10.0 - 15.2 days respectively. In A. nigripennis, the hatching percentage was maximum 78.23 and minimum of 40.56 days and the incubation period was maximum 10 days and minimum 5 days (Table 1). 798 Larva Pumpkin beetles, A. foveicollis and A. nigripennis moulted three times and had four larval instars. Just after hatching the grub was cruciform type, with yellowish head and the anal portion was brown in colour (Fig. 2 - 4) and (Fig. 8 - 10). Just after hatching the grub A. foveicollis was measured maximum 2.2 mm and minimum 1.8 mm with an average of 2.00 ± 0.012 mm (Table - 2). In A. nigripennis maximum 2.1 mm and minimum 1.5 mm in length with an average of 1.80 ± 0.16 mm (Table - 3). The average breadth of 1st larval grub of A. foveicollis and A. nigripennis was 0.41 ± 0.06 mm and 0.35 ± 0.03 mm respectively. The average duration of 1st instars larvae was 4.00 ± 0.00 and 2.00 ± 0.15 days (Table – 5 and 6). In A. nigripennis average body length of the 2nd instars larvae was 4.67±0.44 mm with maximum 5.5 mm and minimum 4.0 mm (Table - 2). In A. nigripennis the average body length of 2nd instar was 3.75 ± 0.88 with maximum 4.5 mm and minimum 3.0 mm (Table 3). The breadth at the widest region of the body averages 0.65 ± 0.08 mm A. foveicollis and 0.57 ± 0.05 mm A. nigripennis with maximum 0.80 mm and minimum 0.55 mm and 0.65 mm and 0.50 mm. It was easily distinguishable from the first instar. The duration of 2nd instar in A. foveicollis 4 - 5 days and A. nigripennis 3 days, with an average of 4.33 ± 0.33 and 3.00 ± 0.0 days (Table - 4 and 5). The third instar larva of A. foveicollis measured maximum 8.0 mm, 7.4 mm and in length with an average of 7.77 ± 0.18 mm. The breadth was maximum 1.0 mm and minimum 0.70 mm with an average of 0.83 ± 0.09 mm (Table 2). In A. nigripennis, 3rd instar larva length measured maximum 7.0 mm and minimum 6.4 mm with an average of 6.70 ± 0.88. The breadth was measured maximum 0.98 mm and minimum 0.68 mm with an average of 0.83 ± 0.07 (Table 3). Feeding of the both larvae was increased at this instar and their movement was crawling in nature. The duration of the 3rd instar larvae A. foveicollis ranged from 3 to 4 days with an average of 3.67 ± 0.33 days (Table - 4). In A. nigripennis the average duration of the third instar was 3 days with an average of 3.00 ± 0.23 (Table - 5). © 2015 Published by JPS Scientific Publications Ltd. All rights reserved Sethuraman /Indo – Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IAJMR), 2(5): 796 – 804 The fourth instar or full-fed larvae represent the typical grub of the species. It was cruciform with ventral prologs. The body was elongate, cylindrical and slightly broader towards posterior region. Head was small as compared to the body and deep brown in colour and scelrotized (Fig. 4 and 10). The body was creamy in colour with smooth and soft unsclerotized integument. After third moulting body appeared wrinkled and a bit flattened dorsoventrally. Later on after feeding the full-fed grub assumed the robust and cylindrical shape unlike the first instar. The length of the final instar larvae ranged from maximum 13.00 mm and minimum 10.00 mm with an average of 11.67 ± 0.88 mm. The breadth ranged from maximum 2.40 mm and minimum 1.80 mm with an average of 2.07 ± 0.18 mm (Table - 2). During last instar of A. foveicollis, the grubs take maximum food and feed voraciously. They feed on cucurbit leaf. Duration of 4th or full-fed larvae ranged from 4 to 5 days with an average of 4.67 ± 0.33 days (Table - 4). The present result were also complying with the findings of Azizul Bari (2007); Das and Ishaque (1998) and Alam (1969) also state that duration of each larval instar varied from 3 to 6 days. Just after hatching, the grub measured 1.91 mm in length and 0.39 mm in breadth on an average. Length and breadth of the full-fed grub were from 9.50 to 13.00 mm and 1.00 to 1.75 mm respectively. In A. nigripennis, 4th instar larva length measured maximum 11.0 mm and minimum 8.0 mm with an average of 9.20 ± 0.20. The breadth was measured maximum 2.0 mm and minimum 1.60 mm with an average of 1.80 ± 0.15 (Table - 3). The average duration of the fourth instar larva of A. nigripennis 5 - 6 days with an average of 5.50 ± 0.42 (Table - 5). In the present findings of A.nigripennis biology was first time we recorded in India. Pupa Fully developed larvae stopped feeding and movement and then moved to the soil for pupation. It constructed an oval and almost water proof whitish earthen cell. It then rests inside the cocoon and remains motionless with the body slightly curved. The pupa was greenish yellow in 799 colour with hypognathus head, wider at the thoracic region and narrower towards the caudal region (Fig. 5 and 11). The pupa A. foveicollis was execrate type and the length of the pupa ranged from maximum 5.80 mm and minimum 4.80 mm with an average of 5.37 ± 0.29 mm. The breadth ranged from maximum 3.40 mm and minimum 2.80 mm with an average of 3.07 ± 0.18 mm (Table - 2). The average duration of the pupal period was 12.33±0.33 days with maximum 13 days and minimum 12 days (Table - 4). The present study was attest to that of Azizul Bari (2007). Reeta and Johri (2003) observed that incubation, larval and pupal periods of pumpkin beetle A. foveicollis on various species of cucurbit plants were lowest during premonsoon (7.00, 11.00 and 7.94 days) in the month of July and February when relative humidity ranged at 70.55 and 60.60 %. In A. nigripennis pupa length measured maximum 5.0 mm and minimum 4.0 mm with an average of 4.50 ± 0.38. The breadth was measured maximum 3.10 mm and minimum 2.40 mm with an average of 2.75±0.24 (Table - 3). The average duration of the pupal period was 12 - 16 days with an average of 14.00 ± 1.07 (Table - 5). In the present findings of A. nigripennis biology was slightly different to A. foveicollis. Adult Just after emergence they were not active, move slowly. The adults looked light brownish in colour with a very soft body. After emergence, the elytra covered the entire abdomen in the both sexes, but during latter period considerable portion of the last abdominal segments remains uncovered with the elytra. In case of the male uncovered portion was a bit smaller. In A.nigripennis the elytra appeared black, gradually the colour deepens and body gets hardened to its usual colour and texture. It required about a week to assume its natural state. In A. foveicollis the head, antennae and legs were yellow, the throax was brownish yellow, elytra reddish orange, ventral side of the abdomen was black with shining small hairs. The head was hypognathus and strongly sclerotized. © 2015 Published by JPS Scientific Publications Ltd. All rights reserved Sethuraman /Indo – Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IAJMR), 2(5): 796 – 804 800 Figures – 1 to 6: Life cycle of A. foveicollis 1. A. foveicollis Egg. 2. First instar 3. Second instar 4. (3) Third and (4) fourth instar 5. Pupa 6. Adult. © 2015 Published by JPS Scientific Publications Ltd. All rights reserved Sethuraman /Indo – Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IAJMR), 2(5): 796 – 804 801 Figures - 7 to 11: Life cycle of A. nigripennis 7. A. nigripennis Egg. 8. (1) First instar and (2) second instar 9. Third instar 10. Fourth instar 11. Pupa 12. Adults © 2015 Published by JPS Scientific Publications Ltd. All rights reserved Sethuraman /Indo – Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IAJMR), 2(5): 796 – 804 802 Table – 1: Developmental stages of pumpkin beetle, Aulacophora foveicollis (Lucas) under laboratory condition A. foveicollis Developmental Minimum Maximum stages (days) (days) Oviposition 9 13 period Number of eggs laid per 67 98 female Incubation 11 13 period Hatching 42.86 88.23 percentage Mean (±SE) A.nigripennis Minimum Maximum (days) (days) Mean (±SE) 10.67±1.2 8 12 10.00±0.76 82.50±5.20 40 70 55.01±4.19 11.53±0.1 5 10 7.50±0.57 73.37±1.76 40.56 78.23 59.40±4.52 Table – 2: Morphometric measurements of different developmental stages of pumpkin beetle A. foveicollis Different stages of life cycle Egg 1st instar 2nd instar 3rd instar 4th instar Pupa Adult Male Length (mm) Breadth (mm) Minimum Maximum Mean±SE Minimum Maximum Mean±SE 0.60 1.8 4.0 7.4 10.0 0.85 2.2 5.5 8.0 13.0 0.75±0.08 2.00±0.012 4.67±0.44 7.77±0.18 11.67±0.88 0.55 0.35 0.55 0.70 1.80 0.65 0.50 0.80 1.00 2.40 0.60±0.03 0.41±0.06 0.65±0.08 0.83±0.09 3.07±0.18 4.80 5.80 5.37±0.29 2.80 3.40 3.13±0.18 5.50 7.00 6.42±0.46 2.50 3.10 2.78±0.17 8.00±0.66 2.75 3.50 3.06±0.24 Adult 6.75 9.00 Female Data represents values are Mean±SE (n=6) Table – 3: Morphometric measurements of different developmental stages of pumpkin beetle A. nigripennis Different stages of life cycle Egg 1st instar Length (mm) Breadth (mm) Minimum Maximum Mean±SE Minimum Maximum Mean±SE 0.60 0.75 0.67±0.06 0.50 0.60 0.55±0.05 1.5 2.1 1.80±0.16 0.30 0.40 0.35±0.03 © 2015 Published by JPS Scientific Publications Ltd. All rights reserved Sethuraman /Indo – Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IAJMR), 2(5): 796 – 804 2nd instar 3rd instar 803 3.0 4.5 3.75±0.88 0.50 0.65 0.57±0.05 6.4 7.0 6.70±0.08 0.68 0.98 0.83±0.07 4 instar 8.0 11.0 9.20±0.20 1.60 2.0 1.80±0.15 Pupa 4.0 5.0 4.50±0.38 2.40 3.10 2.75±0.24 6.00±0.68 2.00 3.00 2.50±0.23 7.70±0.66 2.70 3.00 2.85±0.23 th Adult Male 5.5 6.50 Adult 6.70 8.70 Female Data represents values are mean±SE (n=6) Table – 4: Duration of different developmental stages of pumpkin beetles, A. foveicollis reared on the leaf of cucumber plant under laboratory condition Duration (Days) Minimum Maximum Mean±SE st 1 instar larva 4 4 4.00±0.00 nd 2 instar larva 4 5 4.33±0.33 rd 3 instar larva 3 4 3.67±0.33 th 4 instar larva 4 5 4.67±0.33 Total larval period 15 18 16.67±0.33 Pupal period 12 13 12.33±0.33 Total period from egg to adult 45 47 46.00±0.58 Longevity of adult male 40 45 42.51±3.24 Longevity of adult female 46 50 48.01±3.66 Data represents values are mean±SE (n=6) Different stages of life cycle Table – 5: Duration of different developmental stages of pumpkin beetle, A.nigripennis reared on the leaf of cucumber plant under laboratory condition. Duration (Days) Minimum Maximum Mean±SE st 1 instar 2 2 2.00±0.15 nd 2 instar 3 3 3.00±0.23 rd 3 instar 3 3 3.00±0.23 th 4 instar 5 6 5.50±0.42 Total larval period 13 14 13.61±0.12 Pupal period 12 16 14.00±1.07 Total period from egg to adult 42 44 43.01±3.27 Longevity of adult male 40 42 40.67±0.66 Longevity of adult female 44 50 47.33±1.77 Data represents values are mean±SE (n=6) Different stages of life cycle © 2015 Published by JPS Scientific Publications Ltd. All rights reserved Sethuraman /Indo – Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IAJMR), 2(5): 796 – 804 Fully developed beetle was red orange in colour with metalic tint (Fig - 6). In A. nigripennis usually black elytra with very soft body (Fig - 12). The adult male A. foveicollis measured maximum 7.00 mm and minimum 5.50 mm with an average of 6.42 ± 0.46 mm. The breadth measured maximum 3.10 mm and minimum 2.50 mm with an average of 2.78 ± 0.17 mm (Table - 2). In A. nigripennis adult male measured maximum 6.50 mm and minimum 5.5 mm with an average of 6.00 ± 0.68. The breadth was measured maximum 3.00 mm and minimum 2.00 mm with an average of 2.50 ± 0.23 (Table 3). The A. foveicollis adult female was slightly larger than the male and measured maximum 9.00 mm and minimum 6.75 mm in length with an average of 8.00 ± 0.66 mm (Table - 2). The breadth of the adult female ranged from maximum 3.50 mm and minimum 2.75 mm with averages of 3.06 ± 0.24 mm. In A. nigripennis adult female measured maximum 8.70 mm and minimum 6.70 mm with an average of 7.70 ± 0.66. The breadth was measured maximum 3.00 mm and minimum 2.70 mm with an average of 2.85 ± 0.23 (Table 3). The longevity of A. foveicollis adult males ranged from 40 to 45 days with an average of 42.51 ± 3.24 days while the longevity of adult females ranged from 46 to 50 days with an average of 48.01 ± 3.66 days (Table - 4). In A. nigripennis, the longevity of male ranged from 40 - 42 days with an average of 40.67 ± 0.66 and the longevity of female ranged from 44 - 50 days with an average of 47.33 ± 11.77 (Table - 5). The present study was in agreement with the results of Azizul Bari (2007). He reported that the adult male of red pumpkin beetle measured 5.5 mm to 6.75 mm in length with an average of 6.25 mm. The breadth averages 2.45 mm. The adult female was slightly larger than the male and was 6.25 to 8.25 mm in length with an average of 6.75 mm. The breadth averages 3.01 mm. Acknowledgements The authors are thankful to the UGC - New Delhi for financial assistance to carried out this work successfully and also thank to our Professor 804 and Head, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University for their support and guidelines. Conflict of Interest The authors are declared that no conflict of interest. 4. References 1) Abe, M., Matsuda, K and Tamaki, Y. 2000. Difference in feeding response among three cucurbitaceous feeding leaf beetles to cucurbitacins. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 35 (1): 137 - 142. 2) Alam, M. Z. 1969. Insect pests of vegetables and their control in East Pakistan. The Agricultural Information Service, 3, R.K. Mission Road, Dhaka.146p. 3) Azizul Bari, M. D. 2007. Biology, Feeding behavior and Food Preference of red pumpkin beetle, Aulacophora foveicollis (Lucas). M.Sc., Thesis, Bandladesh Agricultural University, Mymensindh. 4) Das, S. K and Ishaque, N. M. M. 1998. Biology of red pumpkin beetle, A. foveicollis (Lucas). Journal of Agricultural Science Society, 11(2): 147 - 151. 5) Reeta, D and Johri, P. K. 2003a. Food preference of red pumpkin beetle, A. foveicollis (Lucas) at Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh. Journal of Applied Zoology Research,14 (1): 80 - 81. 6) Reeta, D and Johri P. K. 2003c. Seasonal biology, abundance and intensity of attack of red pumpkin beetle, A. foveicollis (Lucas) on cucurbit crops at Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh. Journal of Applied Zoology Research, 14 (2): 144 - 147. 7) Roy, D. C and Pandae, T. D. 1991. Biology studies on the red pumpkin beetle, R. foveicollis (Lucas) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Tripura. Journal of Advanced Zoology, 12(1): 1 - 6. 8) Singh, J. P. 1970. Elements of vegetables pest. Vora and Co. Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 3, Round Building, Bombay. 2: 275p. © 2015 Published by JPS Scientific Publications Ltd. All rights reserved