2. INTRODUCTION:-
Giardia lamblia also known as Giardia intestinalis, or Giardia duodenalis is a
protozoan flagellates.
It is transmitted by the faecal-oral route and causes the diarrheal illness called
giardiasis (popularly known as beaver fever).
It was first observed by Antony von Leewenhoek (1681) while examining his
own stool and Lambi (1859) describe the parasite and named it as Giardia
labmlia
Geographical distribution:
worldwide; found in the soil, water, or surfaces contaminated with feces of
infected human/animal.
Habitat:
Duodenum and upper part of jejunum of humans.
4. Trophozoite:
It is the active feeding stage of parasite which is responsible for colonization in
intestine.
The shape of trophozoite is pear shape or tennis racket shape with broad round
anterior end and a tapering posterior end.
It measures 9-21 µm in length and 5-5µm in breadth.
The dorsal surface is convex while ventral surface is concave with a sucking disc
(adhesive disc) which acts as an organ for attachment.
Behind the adhesive disc lies a pair of large curved and transverse median bodies,
unique to
It is bilaterally symmetrical and all organs of body are paired. They have two
median bodies, two axostyle, two nuclei and four pairs of flagella.
Each nucleus consists of large central karyosome giving a characteristic face like
appearance to the parasite in stained preparation.
Cytoplasm is uniform and finely granulated.
Motility shown typical ‘fallling leaf type’ motility.
5. Cyst:
It is an infective stage of parasite.
A fully mature cyst is oval or ellipsoidal in shape and measures 8-12µm in length and 7-
10µm in breadth.
Cyst is surrounded by a thick cyst wall. Cytoplasm is granulated and is separated from
the cyst wall by clear space.
The axostyle lies more or less diagonally.
A cyst contains 4 nuclei.
The remaining of flagella and the margins of sucking disc may be seen inside the
cytoplasm.
6. Mode of transmission:
Man is the main reservoir of Giardia.
Infection is acquired due to-
Ingestion of contaminated food and water containing
infective quadrinucleated cyst.
Person to person transmission due to poor hygiene in day
care centers, nursing homes, mental asylums
Sexual transmission-oral-anal and oral-genital sex
Immunocompromised individuals such as AIDS patients, X-linked
gammaglobulinaemia, patients with protein energy malnutrition are
more susceptible for giardiasis
7.
8. LIFE CYCLE:-
Life cycle of G. lamblia is simple and completes in a single host, man. No intermediate
host is required.
Infection is acquired orally by ingestion of cyst from contaminated hand or water or
food.
Excystation occurs in th stomach and in the duodenum in the presence of gastric acid,
pancreatic enzymes (chymotrypsin and trypsin). An acidic environment with a pH 1.3-
2.7 is required for excystation.
Each cyst excysts to produce two trophozoites in the duodenum within 30 minutes of
ingestion.
These trophozoites multiplies in the intestine by bunary fission. Then they adhere to
enterocytes through their ventral sucker mediated possibly through surface mannose-
binding lectin present on the surface of trophozoites.
Some of the trophozoites then pass down on the large intestine where they again
encyst in the presence of neutral pH and bile salts.
9. The process of encystation begins with the appearance of encystation specific
secretory vesicles (ESVs) in the cytoplasm of trophozoites, followed by production of
cyst wall within 15 hours.
Within 24 hours after appearance of ESVs, the trophozoite is covered with these cyst
wall proteins, resulting in formation of cyst.
Formation of cyst begins by shortening of flagella followed by condensation of
cytoplasm and finally secretion of thick hyline cyst wall.
These encysted trophozoites then undergo another phase of nuclear division and
produces quadrinucleated mature cyst.
The cysts which are the infective form of parasite are excreted in faeces and life cycle
is repeated
10. Pathogenesis
Virulence factors:
Cytoskeleton:
Giardia contains microtubules (MT) cytoskeletion which is essential for motility,
attachment, intracellular transport, cell division and encystation/excystation.
Cysts:
Cysts are resistant and responsible for transmission of parasite
Pathogenesis of Giardia lamblia:
Giardia is intestinal parasite and it is non-invasive.
Once excystation occurs, trophozoites are releases and they uses their flagella to ‘swim’
to the microvilli covered surface of duodenum and jejunum where they attach to the
enterocytes using their adhesive disc.
Lectins present on the surface of Giardia binds to receptor present on surface of
enterocytes. This attachment process damage microvilli, which interfere with nutrition
absorption by villi.
11. Rapid multiplication of trophozoites eventually creates a physical barriers between the
enterocytes and intestinal lumen, further interfering with nutrition absorption. This
process leads to enterocytes damage, villi atropy, crypt hyperplasia, intestinal
hyperpermeability and brush boarder damage that causes a reduction in disaccharide
enzyme secretion.
Lectins and othere cytopathic substance secreted by parasite also causes indirect damage
to intestinal epithelium.
Trophozoites do not invade or penetrate surrounding tissue or enter blood stream. So,
infection is generally restricted to intestinal lumen.
Giardiasis results in decreased jejunal electrolyte water and glucose absorptiom, and
damages to intestinal epithelium leads to malabsorption of electrolyte and fluids,
resulting in osmotic diarrhea known as giardiasis.
12. Clinical manifestation of Giardia lamblia:
Incubation varies from 1-3 weeks
In majority of cases infection remains asymptomatic.
Symptomatic infection is more common in children than adults because of their lower
immunity.
Acute giardiasis:
It is characterized by acute watery diarrhea, abdominal cramp, bloating and flatulence.
Occasionally nausea, vomiting, fever, rashes or constipation in some.
Pus, blood and mucus are not seen in stool.
The condition lasts for 5-7 days.
Chronic giardiasis:
Symptoms includes chronic diarrhea with malabsorption of fat (steatorrhoea) and
malabsorption of vitamin A, protein and D-xylose, weight loss, malaise, nausea, anorexia
Protuberance of abdomen, spindly extremities and stunted growth are most common
sign in children.
It lasts for several weeks
Extra-intestinal are rare and sometimes urticarial and reactive arthritis are seen in rare
case
Complication:
In adults, malabsorption syndrome and weight loss
In children, growth retardation, delayed milestones achievements
Giardiasis is self-limited disease and progression to chronic state is only 5% of infected
people and death is rare.
13. Laboratory diagnosis of Giardia lamblia:
Specimen:
Stool, duodenal contents, bile stained mucus, duodenal/jejunal biopsy
Stool examination:
Microscopy:
Direct wet mount preparation: trophozoites are identified by their characteristic
falling leaf motility
Iodine wet mount preparation: cyst can be observed
Examination of stained stool smear for demonstration of trophozoitse
Concentration method: formalin-ethyl acetate and zinc sulfate concentration method
is used to concentrate stool and increase parasite yield for microscopy
Stool antigen detection: ELISA, IFA
14. Entero-test:
In entero-test, a gelatin capsule containing a nylon string with a weight attached to it
is swallowed by patients.
When it reaches to stomach, the gelatin capsule is diddolved and nylon string moves
down to duodenum and jejunum due to its attached weight.
The string is allowed to remain there for 4-6 hours or overneight.
After removal of string, bile stained mucus is collected on glass slide and examined
for living trophozoites.
16. Treatment for giardiasis:
Metronidazole, trinidazole, nitroimidazole derivatives
Nitrofurans- furazolidine
* metronidazole is drug of choice. Dose- orally 250mg, 3 times daily
for adults, 15mg/kg /day in three divided dose for children for 7 days
Prevention of giardiasis:
Improve water supply
Proper disposal of human faeces
Maintenance of good and proper personal hygiene
Health education at individual as well as community levels
Identifying the source of infection, particularly in outbreak
situation
